Description
The major use of chlorine dioxide is as a bleach in a number of industries: in cleaning and de-tanning of leather, and as a bleaching agent for wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, and beeswax.
Chlorine dioxide is registered as a bactericide, fungicide and algaecide. It is used to disinfect human drinking water systems, commercial water cooling tower systems, and metal cutting fluids. It may also be used to disinfect dairy farm animals and milking equipment, in eating establishments and food processing/handling areas and around the house. It is used extensively in Europe for disinfecting drinking water, and its use there is increasing as well as in North America and Australia, as an alternative to chlorine due to lesser problems with disinfection by-products.
Approved food additive in Australia (No. 926).
Substance details
Substance name: Chlorine dioxide
CASR number: 10049-04-4
Molecular formula: ClO2
Synonyms: chlorine peroxide; chloroperoxyl; doxcide 50; chlorine oxide; chlorine(IV) oxide
Physical properties
Chlorine dioxide is a strongly oxidising, yellow to reddish-yellow gas or liquid with a pungent, sharp odour. The odour is similar to that of chlorine and nitric acid. Soluble in water, alkaline, and sulfuric acid solutions. It is normally supplied as a less than 10% solution in cold water.
Melting Point: -59°C
Boiling Point: 11°C
Specific Gravity: 3.09
Vapour Density: 2.3
1 ppm = 2.8 mg/m3
Formula mass 67.452
Chemical properties
Chlorine dioxide gas is flammable, and is violently explosive in air at concentrations over 10%. It can be ignited by almost any form of energy, including sunlight, heat, or sparks. Chlorine dioxide is strongly oxidising, and reacts violently with organic chemicals and can be detonated by sunlight, heat, or contact with mercury or carbon monoxide.
Further information
The National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) holds data for all sources of chlorine dioxide emissions in Australia.
Description
Acute health effects: The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to chlorine dioxide: irritate the nose and throat, causing coughing and chest pain; eye irritation with watery eyes and seeing halos around lights; breathing chlorine dioxide can irritate the lungs causing coughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary oedema), a medical emergency but which might not occur for 24 hours, with severe shortness of breath and possibly death.
Chronic health effects: The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some time after exposure to chlorine dioxide and can last for months or years: irritate the lungs; repeated exposure may cause bronchitis to develop with cough, phlegm, and/or shortness of breath. Permanent lung damage may occur, especially with repeated exposure to the vapours. There is limited evidence that chlorine dioxide may damage the developing foetus.
Entering the body
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion of food that has been treated with chlorine dioxide, or skin contact.
Exposure
People living near industries that produce or use chlorine dioxide. From using disinfectants or bleaches that contain chlorine dioxide. From foods and drinking water that have been treated with chlorine dioxide.
Workplace exposure standards
Safe Work Australia sets the workplace exposure standard for chlorine dioxide through the workplace exposure standards for airborne contaminants:
- Maximum eight hour time weighted average (TWA): 0.1 parts per million (0.28 mg/m3)
- Maximum short term exposure limit (STEL): 0.3 parts per million (0.83 mg/m3)
These standards are only appropriate for use in workplaces and are not limited to any specific industry or operation. Make sure you understand how to interpret the standards before you use them.
Drinking water guidelines
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines include the following guidelines for acceptable water quality:
- Maximum of 0.4 milligrams per litre of water for aesthetic considerations
Description
Chlorine dioxide is well established to be harmful to all forms of life. Ranked in the USA as one of the most hazardous compounds (worst 10%) to ecosystems.
Entering the environment
Most releases will be as the gas to the atmosphere or in wastewater streams from plants that make or use chlorine dioxide. Because of its high reactivity chlorine dioxide will not persist long in the air, water, or soil environments - up to minutes in air and up to hours in the others.
Where it ends up
In the atmosphere it will photolyze rapidly, with a tropospheric half-life of a few seconds. Because of its high reactivity, chlorine dioxide will breakdown rapidly in natural waters (that is, waters that contain moderate amounts of organic matter). Nevertheless, this substance is considered hazardous to the environment with special attention required for water organisms.
The breakdown products are chloride ion and oxidised products of organic matter.
Environmental guidelines
No national guidelines.
Industry sources
Paper and allied products industries; textile mills; chemical industries: food processing industries; drinking water treatment plants; and commercial water-cooling tower systems.
Diffuse sources, and industry sources included in diffuse emissions data
Residues from food and drinking water that have been treated with chlorine dioxide.
Natural sources
No specific information. Because of the nature of its high chemical reactivity, it is unlikely to occur naturally.
Transport sources
None known.
Consumer products
Possibly in some disinfectants and bleaches. Foods and drinking water that have been treated with chlorine dioxide.
Sources used in preparing this information
- Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) (1992), Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters.
- CalEPA Air Resources Board Toxic Air Contaminant Summary (accessed, June, 1999)
- ChemFinder WebServer Project (1995) (accessed, June, 1999)
- Environmental Defense Fund - Summary, Uses, Consumer Products, Rank (industrial, by quantity) (accessed, June, 1999)
- IPCS International Chemical Safety Card (accessed, June, 1999)
- Meagher, D (1991), The Macmillan Dictionary of The Australian Environment, Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.
- National Environment Protection Council (1998), National Environment Protection Measure for the National Pollutant Inventory. (accessed, March, 1999)
- New Jersey Health and Safety (accessed, June, 1999)
- Richardson, M (1992), Dictionary of Substances and their Effects, Royal Society of Chemistry, Clays Ltd, England.
- Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 1984. pp. 1505-1506.
- Sittig, M (1991), Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd edition, Noyes Publications, USA .
- Technical Advisory Panel (1999), Final Report to the National Environment Protection Council.
- US Department of Health and Human Services (1990), NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Publication No. 90-117.
- USEPA Integrated Risk Information System Report (accessed, June, 1999)
- USEPA Toxic Release Inventory Fact Sheet (accessed, June, 1999)
- Safe Work Australia, Workplace exposure standards for airborne contaminants, accessed June 2021.
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011) - Updated October 2017, accessed May 2018