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  4. National Heritage Places - Ediacara Fossil Site - Nilpena

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National Heritage Places - Ediacara Fossil Site - Nilpena

 Phoebe Cohen (Flickr)

National Heritage List inscription date 11 January 2007

In 1946, geologist Reginald Sprigg discovered fossil imprints in rocks in the Flinders Ranges at the old Ediacara minefield. This discovery was the first time the fossilised remains of an entire community of soft-bodied creatures had been found in such abundance anywhere in the world.

Examples of these unusual and fragile fossils can be seen at the South Australian Museum.

Today Australia is a hot, dry continent but hundreds of millions of years ago most of eastern Australia lay under shallow, warm seas.

Between 570 and 540 million years ago (long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth) these warm seas were inhabited by soft-bodied organisms, similar to jellyfish.

Some of these organisms became trapped in fine silt in tidal flats and were fossilised as the silt turned to stone. As sea levels changed, the sea-floor became part of what we today know as the Flinders Ranges in South Australia, and the fossils found there formed part of a period known today as the Ediacaran Period. Examples of these unusual and fragile fossils, including Dickinsonia and Spriggina can be seen at the South Australian Museum.

Uncovering important evidence of early life

In 1946, while exploring for minerals, geologist Reginald Sprigg discovered fossil imprints in rocks around the low hills of the western Flinders Ranges at the old Ediacara minefield.

Sprigg's discovery was extremely important, as it was the first time the fossilised remains of an entire community of soft-bodied creatures had been found in such abundance anywhere in the world. Sprigg's discovery was so significant that fossils were named after him and the Ediacaran Period was named after the location where the fossils were found.

The fossils preserved in the ancient sea-floor at Ediacara record the first known multicellular animal life on Earth that predates the Cambrian. This diverse and exquisitely preserved community of ancient organisms represents a significant snapshot of our geological heritage.

A new understanding of evolution

Up until their discovery, scientists believed that only organisms with hard parts, such as shells or skeletons, could be preserved in the fossil record. This discovery gave scientists a new understanding of the evolution of life on earth, as well as a better understanding of how fossils of organisms with soft tissue can become preserved in the fossil record.

Some scientists believe many of the organisms found at Ediacara may represent early algae, lichens or even multicellular "experiments", which bear little resemblance to organisms existing anywhere in the world today. There are many questions remaining about these ancient organisms, including how they lived, how they evolved and what creatures alive today are their descendents.

The fossils of this period resemble the flatworms, soft corals and jellyfish we know today and range in size from a few centimetres up to a metre long. This diverse array of fossil specimens includes anemones, annelid worms, crustaceans, echinoderms and possible ancestors of trilobites. Other forms resemble modern sea-pens and worms.

Impressions of the largest early known animals, Dickinsonia rex, have also been recorded at Ediacara, as well as fossils of what may be the earliest known ancestor of animals with backbones (vertebrates). Dickinsonia is interpreted as a worm-like creature, and fossils of these organisms consist of a flat impression, circular to ribbon-shaped with fine segmentation.

An important moment in the history of geology

The Ediacaran Period is the first geological period to be declared in 120 years and the first to be named after a location in the Southern Hemisphere. Covering an interval of around 88 million years from 630 to 542 million years ago, the start of the Ediacaran Period corresponds to the end of a worldwide glaciation known as "Snowball Earth" as well as significant changes in carbon levels.

The rapid increase in abundance, size, complexity and diversity of life forms during this time shows that the earth underwent a period of major evolutionary change. Around 30 other Ediacara localities are now known globally including sites in Namibia, Russia, Newfoundland, Canada, UK and Siberia. Some of the greatest examples of this ancient biodiversity are found in Australia and Russia.

Further information

  • Gazettal notice (PDF - 32 KB)
  • Australian Heritage Database record
  • Australia's National Heritage - Ediacara Fossil Site - Nilpena (PDF - 161 KB)
  • Australian Fossil Mammal Sites
  • Yea Flora Fossil Site
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Last updated: 10 October 2021

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We acknowledge the Traditional Owners of country throughout Australia and recognise their continuing connection to land, waters and culture. We pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging.